RESUMO
Psychological science tends to treat subjective well-being and happiness synonymously. We start from the assumption that subjective well-being is more than being happy to ask the fundamental question: What is the ideal level of happiness? From a cross-cultural perspective, we propose that the idealization of attaining maximum levels of happiness may be especially characteristic of Western, educated, industrial, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) societies but less so for others. Searching for an explanation for why "happiness maximization" might have emerged in these societies, we turn to studies linking cultures to their eco-environmental habitat. We discuss the premise that WEIRD cultures emerged in an exceptionally benign ecological habitat (i.e., faced relatively light existential pressures compared with other regions). We review the influence of the Gulf Stream on the Northwestern European climate as a source of these comparatively benign geographical conditions. We propose that the ecological conditions in which WEIRD societies emerged afforded them a basis to endorse happiness as a value and to idealize attaining its maximum level. To provide a nomological network for happiness maximization, we also studied some of its potential side effects, namely alcohol and drug consumption and abuse and the prevalence of mania. To evaluate our hypothesis, we reanalyze data from two large-scale studies on ideal levels of personal life satisfaction-the most common operationalization of happiness in psychology-involving respondents from 61 countries. We conclude that societies whose members seek to maximize happiness tend to be characterized as WEIRD, and generalizing this across societies can prove problematic if adopted at the ideological and policy level.
RESUMO
La presente es una reflexión sobre el recorrido histórico de las leyes que regulan la enfermería como profesión, la diversificación \r\nde roles y las responsabilidades que pueden ser fuente de conflicto. También se ocupa de repensar las iniciativas destinadas a la \r\ncaptación del recurso humano enfermero. Para tal fin, se propone un análisis de la normativa profesional de enfermería en Argen\r\n-\r\ntina orientado a configurar competencias, alcances y grado de autonomía.
This article is a reflection on the historical trajectory of the \r\nlaws that regulate nursing as a profession, the diversification of \r\nroles, and the responsibilities that can be sources of conflict. \r\nIt also deals with rethinking initiatives aimed at training of the \r\nnursing human resource. To this end, we propose an analysis \r\nof the professional nursing regulations in Argentina, directed \r\ntowards the configuration of competencies, scope, and degree \r\nof autonomy.
O presente artigo é uma reflexão sobre o percurso histórico \r\ndas leis que regulam a enfermagem como uma profissão, da \r\ndiversificação de papéis e das responsabilidades que podem \r\nser fonte de conflito. Trata-se também de repensar as iniciativas \r\nvoltadas para o recrutamento de recursos humanos de enfer\r\n-\r\nmagem. Para isso, propõe-se uma análise da regulamentação \r\nprofissional de enfermagem na Argentina, orientada para a \r\nconfiguração de competências, escopo e grau de autonomia.
Assuntos
Enfermagem , Autonomia Pessoal , Recursos em Saúde , Legislação de EnfermagemRESUMO
La enfermería, como campo disciplinar, ha experimentado importantes cambios en tiempos recientes. Constructos como cuidado, asistencia, cura, mediación o vocación se revisan a la luz de desarrollos científico-técnicos y epistemológicos. Eventos comunes al desarrollo de la profesión son: antigüedad, condiciones sociales y económicas, marco teórico referencial, estructuras de poder o grado de autonomía asignada a sus integrantes. En la génesis profesional, se encuentran mecanismos que explican el sistema de relaciones jerarquizado y sexualizado de la enfermería actual. Objetivo: Presentar una aproximación histórica orientada a esclarecer aconteceres, precisando causas y efectos. El enfoque historiográfico se presenta como una opción epistemológica, producción de conocimiento crítico significativo que atiende dimensiones sociohistóricas. Permite comparar, analizar y revisar elementos del pasado con vistas a trazar la trayectoria de la profesión para progresar hacia un modelo integrador. Ofrece significados para la comprensión y concreción de los cambios según el desarrollo del conocimiento. En enfermería, la historiografía posibilita construir un perfil que supere la asignación de roles y la participación en los equipos de salud, para abordar la naturaleza y alcances del constructo cuidado y sus implicaciones. Incorpora una visión renovada de concepciones que pueden rastrearse en el pasado y que cristalizan en valores, etiquetas y estereotipos fuertemente arraigados.
Nursing as a disciplinary field, has undergone major changes in recent times. Constructs such as care, support, healing, mediation or vocation are reviewed in the light of scientific- technical and epistemological developments. There are common events which are closely related to the development in the profession: seniority, social and economic conditions, theoretical framework, power structures or degree of autonomy assigned to its members. In the origin of the profession, there are mechanisms that explain the system of hierarchical and sexualized relations in current nursing. To present a historical approach aimed at clarifying events, indicating causes and effects. Development: The historiographical approach is presented as a significant epistemological option, and production of critical knowledge which encompasses socio-historical dimensions. It allows comparing, analyzing and reviewing elements of the past in order to trace the trajectory of the profession to progress towards an integrative model. It provides meanings for understanding and realization of the changes according to the development of knowledge. In nursing, historiography makes it possible to build a profile that exceeds the designation of roles and participation in health teams to address the nature and scope of the care construct and its implications. It incorporates a renewed vision of concepts that can be traced in the past and crystallizes values, labels and deeply rooted stereotypes.
